{"id":20064,"date":"2025-11-28T19:47:27","date_gmt":"2025-11-28T16:47:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/?p=20064"},"modified":"2026-03-19T20:05:15","modified_gmt":"2026-03-19T17:05:15","slug":"the-struggle-for-perus-independence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/the-struggle-for-perus-independence\/","title":{"rendered":"The Struggle for Peru’s Independence"},"content":{"rendered":"

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The abdication of King Charles IV<\/strong> and the subsequent deposition of Ferdinand VII<\/strong> in 1808<\/strong> sparked independence movements across Spain\u2019s South American colonies.<\/p>\n

In Peru, these ideas had been preceded by major rebellions such as that of Juan Santos Atahualpa<\/strong>, who proclaimed himself Inca in 1742, and especially T\u00fapac Amaru II<\/strong>, a descendant of the last Inca, whose uprising between 1780 and 1783 shook the colony and continued even after his execution in 1781.<\/p>\n

In the early 19th century<\/strong>, local independence movements led by indigenous people and Creoles (Spaniards born in the Americas) emerged in Peru, but were swiftly suppressed by the Spanish authorities in Lima. Unlike most other Spanish colonies, Peru remained the main stronghold of Spanish power in South America<\/strong> and the base for counter-revolutionary forces.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, in 1820<\/strong>, General Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn<\/strong> (1778\u20131850), after liberating Argentina and Chile, landed on the Peruvian coast with the Liberating Army. San Mart\u00edn defeated the colonial forces, forcing the Spanish authorities to abandon Lima and retreat to the interior.<\/p>\n

On 28 July 1821<\/strong>, he entered the capital and proclaimed Peru\u2019s Independence. In 1822 he handed over control to Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar<\/strong> (1783\u20131830), who had already liberated Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. Complete independence was finally achieved in 1824<\/strong> with the decisive victories of Bol\u00edvar and his lieutenant Antonio Jos\u00e9 de Sucre<\/strong> at the battles of Jun\u00edn and Ayacucho<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The abdication of King Charles IV and the subsequent deposition of Ferdinand VII in 1808 sparked independence movements across Spain\u2019s South American colonies. In Peru, these ideas had been preceded by major rebellions such as that of Juan Santos Atahualpa, who proclaimed himself Inca in 1742, and especially T\u00fapac Amaru II, a descendant of the…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20064"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20064\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20142,"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20064\/revisions\/20142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nummus.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}